Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 43, Issue 12, Pages 3108-3115Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343782
Keywords
Epithelial cells; Homeostasis; Inflammation; Intestinal immunity; Mast cells
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Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan [023-04859, 23229004]
- Young Researcher Overseas Visits Program for Vitalizing Brain Circulation
- Global Center of Excellence Program of the Center of Education and Research for Advanced Genome-based Medicine
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [23229004] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Continuous exposure of intestinal mucosal surfaces to diverse microorganisms and their metabolites reflects the biological necessity for a multifaceted, integrated epithelial and immune cell-mediated regulatory system. The development and function of the host cells responsible for the barrier function of the intestinal surface (e.g., M cells, Paneth cells, goblet cells, and columnar epithelial cells) are strictly regulated through both positive and negative stimulation by the luminal microbiota. Stimulation by damage-associated molecular patterns and commensal bacteria-derived microbe-associated molecular patterns provokes the assembly of inflammasomes, which are involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Mucosal immune cells located beneath the epithelium play critical roles in regulating both the mucosal barrier and the relative composition of the luminal microbiota. Innate lymphoid cells and mast cells, in particular, orchestrate the mucosal regulatory system to create a mutually beneficial environment for both the host and the microbiota. Disruption of mucosal homeostasis causes intestinal inflammation such as that seen in inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we review the recent research on the biological interplay among the luminal microbiota, epithelial cells, and mucosal innate immune cells in both healthy and pathological conditions.
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