Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 41, Issue 9, Pages 2477-2481Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141783
Keywords
Alternative activation; Epigenetics; Macrophages; Signal transduction; Tolerance
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health, U.S.A
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Acute inflammatory activation of macrophages by Toll-like and related receptors is characterized by transient activation of MAPK-, NF-kappa B- and IRF-mediated signaling pathways and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This activation state is inherently unstable and often transitions into a state of 'tolerance' characterized by diminished signaling, repressive chromatin modifications, and an alternative gene expression program. This Viewpoint describes signaling and epigenetic mechanisms associated with transition to tolerant states, which are proposed to correspond to alternative activation states programmed by the original inflammatory stimuli.
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