Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 39, Issue 8, Pages 2076-2082Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939722
Keywords
CD4(+) T cells; Memory cells; T-cell subsets
Categories
Funding
- Swiss National Science Foundation [31-101962, 31-126027/1]
- European Commission FP6 program [LSB-CT-2005-518167]
- Helmut Horten Foundation
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Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is the hallmark of effector and memory T cells. Upon antigenic stimulation, naive CD4(+) T cells make choices to become effector Th1, Th2 or Th17 cells, or even Treg. In addition to differences in cytokine repertoire, effector CD4(+) T cells exhibit diversity in homing, such as migration to lymph node follicles to help B cells versus migration to inflamed tissues. Upon clearance of the antigen, two major types of memory T cells remain: central memory cells, which patrol lymphoid organs, and effector memory cells that act as sentinels in peripheral tissues such as the skin and the gut. Here, we review our current understanding of CD4(+) T-cell lineage heterogeneity and flexibility, with emphasis on the human system, and propose an organization of effector and memory T cells based on distinct functional modules.
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