Minimal changes in environmental temperature result in a significant increase in energy expenditure and changes in the hormonal homeostasis in healthy adults

Objective: Resting energy expenditure (EE) is a major contributor to the total EE and thus plays an important role in body weight regulation. Adaptive thermogenesis is a major component of EE in rodents, but little is known on the effects of exposure of humans to mild and sustainable reduction in environmental temperature. Design: To characterize the dynamic changes in continuously measured resting EE, substrate utilization, and hormonal axes simultaneously in response to mild reduction in environmental temperature, we performed a cross-over intervention. Methods: Twenty-five volunteers underwent two 12-h recordings of EE in whole room indirect calorimeters at 24 and 19 degrees C with simultaneous measurement of spontaneous movements and hormonal axes. Results: Exposure to 19 degrees C resulted in an increase in plasma and urine norepinephrine levels (P < 0.0001), and a 5.96% (P < 0.001) increase in EE without significant changes in spontaneous physical activity. Exposure to the lower temperature resulted in a significant increase in free fatty acid levels (P < 0.01), fasting insulin levels (P < 0.05), and a marginal decrease in postprandial glucose levels. A small but significant (P < 0.002) increase in serum free thyroxine and urinary free cortisol (P < 0.05) was observed at 19 degrees C. Conclusions: Our observations indicate that exposure to 19 degrees C, a mild and tolerable cold temperature, results in a predictable increase in EE driven by a sustained rise in catecholamine and the activation of counter-regulatory mechanisms.