Pharmacokinetic plasma behaviors of intravenous and oral bioavailability of thymoquinone in a rabbit model

Thymoquinone (THQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, has demonstrated some potential pharmacological activities. The present study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of THQ following intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration using an animal model. THQ was given vascularly (5 mg/kg IV) and extravascularly (20 mg/kg PO) to Vole rabbits, and blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. The concentrations of THQ in plasma were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using both compartmental and non-compartmental analyses. The calculated clearance (CL) following IV administration was 7.19 +/- A 0.83 ml/kg/min, and the estimated volume of distribution at steady state (V (ss)) was 700.90 +/- A 55.01 ml/kg. Whereas with PO dosing, apparent CL/F value was 12.30 +/- A 0.30 ml/min/kg and V (ss)/F was 5,109.46 +/- A 196.08 ml/kg. These parameters were associated with an elimination half-life (T (1/2)) of 63.43 +/- A 10.69 and 274.61 +/- A 8.48 min with IV and PO dosing, respectively. The calculated absorption T (1/2) was about 217 min. Compartmental analysis revealed T (1/2 alpha) of similar to 8.9 min and T (1/2 beta) of similar to 86.6 min. The calculated absolute bioavailability of THQ was similar to 58 % with a lag time of similar to 23 min. The estimated THQ protein binding was > 99 %. Therefore, THQ represents a compound with rapid elimination and relatively slower absorption following PO administration.