Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
Volume 66, Issue 6, Pages 678-686Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.210
Keywords
energy distribution; macronutrient distribution; circadian rhythm; eating profile; NSHD
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Funding
- UK National Prevention Research Initiative
- UK Medical Research Council [G701939]
- MRC [MC_U123092720, G0701939, MC_U123092721] Funding Source: UKRI
- Medical Research Council [G0701939, MC_U123092721, MC_U123092720] Funding Source: researchfish
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Associations between timing of eating occasions and their nutrient composition and health have been described in interventional and cross-sectional studies. However, data from longitudinal data are limited. This study examined 17-year changes in energy and macronutrient intake across eating occasions in the 1946 British birth cohort. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were obtained from the 1946 British birth cohort. Cohort members completed 5d-estimated diaries at ages 36 (1982), 43 (1989) and 53 years (1999). Data from subjects who provided dietary data at all three time points were analysed (n = 1253). Repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni's adjustment was used to examine changes in energy and macronutrient at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra meal slots between 1982 and 1999. Analyses were stratified by sex and social class. RESULTS: The proportion of energy and macronutrients consumed at lunch declined between 1982 and 1999, which was compensated by a greater intake in the mid-afternoon and evening. This trend was seen across sex and social class, although women and adults with a non-manual occupation reported greater energy, carbohydrate and non-starch polysaccharide intake at breakfast in 1982 and had a higher protein intake in the evening compared with men and adults with a manual occupation. CONCLUSIONS: The timing of energy and nutrient intake has shifted slightly over time, with a greater proportion of intake later in the day. The association between the observed sex and occupational social class differences in eating profiles and chronic disease warrants investigation.
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