Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
Volume 63, Issue -, Pages S150-S178Publisher
SPRINGERNATURE
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.79
Keywords
vitamin D; retinol; beta-carotene; vitamin E; diet; EPIC-SOFT
Categories
Funding
- European Commission
- Ligue contre le Cancer (France)
- Societe 3M (France)
- Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale
- Institut National de la Santeet de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)
- Institut Gustave Roussy
- German Cancer Aid
- German Cancer Research Center
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Danish Cancer Society
- Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health
- Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra and the Catalan Institute of Oncology
- ISCIII RETIC Spain [RD06/0020]
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council, UK
- Stroke Association, UK
- British Heart Foundation
- Department of Health, UK
- Food Standards Agency, UK
- Wellcome Trust, UK
- Greek Ministry of Health
- Hellenic Health Foundation
- Italian Association for Research on Cancer
- Italian National Research Council, Regione Sicilia (Sicilian government)
- Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica-ONLUS (Hyblean association for epidemiological research, NPO)
- Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland)
- World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)
- Swedish Cancer Society
- Swedish Research Council
- Regional Government of Skane and the County Council of Vasterbotten, Sweden
- Norwegian Cancer Society
- Norwegian Research Council and the Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation
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Objectives: To describe the intake of the fat-soluble nutrients retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin D and their food sources among 27 redefined centres in 10 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Methods: Between 1995 and 2000, 36 034 subjects (age range: 35-74 years) completed a single standardized 24-h dietary recall using a computerized interview software program (EPIC-SOFT). Intakes of the fat-soluble nutrients were estimated using the standardized EPIC Nutrient Database. Results: For all the nutrients, in most centres, men had a higher level of intake than did women, even after adjustments for total energy intake and anthropometric confounders. Distinct regional gradients from northern to southern European countries were observed for all nutrients. The level intake of beta-carotene and vitamin E also showed some differences by level of education, smoking status and physical activity. No meaningful differences in the nutrient intake were observed by age range. Conclusions: These results show differences by study centre, gender, age and various lifestyle variables in the intake of retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin D between 10 European countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, S150-S178; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.79
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