Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: pathophysiology imaging

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (7): 795803 Abstract Background Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely abused for enhancing muscle mass, strength, growth and improving athletic performance. Materials and methods In recent years, many observational and interventional studies have shown important adverse cardiovascular effects of AAS abuse. Conclusions This review discusses established and future perspectives of novel molecular imaging techniques that may serve as potential tools for early detection of AAS-associated cardiovascular disorders.