18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and the relationship between fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, glucose transporter-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in thymic epithelial tumours

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) and the relationships among the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), histological type, other clinical factors and FDG uptake in thymic epithelial tumours. METHODS: Thirty-three patients who underwent FDG-PET/CT before treatment were reviewed. All types of tumours were reclassified into three subgroups: low-risk thymomas (types A, AB and B1), high-risk thymomas (types B2 and B3) and thymic carcinomas. Tumour contour, pattern of FDG uptake, tumour size and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were obtained. Expressions of HIF-1 alpha, Glut-1 and VEGF were analysed immunohistochemically, and these expressions were evaluated using grading scales. RESULTS: FDG uptake was visually recognized in all (100%) tumours. A homogeneous pattern of FDG uptake was increasingly observed in the order of low-risk thymomas to high-risk thymomas to thymic carcinomas (P = 0.016). SUVmax for thymic carcinomas was significantly higher than that for thymomas (P = 0.008). With the optimal cut-off value of SUVmax of 5.6, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for diagnosing thymic carcinoma were 0.75, 0.80 and 0.79, respectively. Regarding the mean scoring of HIF-1 alpha, Glut-1 and VEGF, increasing trends were observed in the order of low-risk thymomas to high-risk thymomas to thymic carcinomas. Tumour size revealed a significant correlation with SUVmax (r = 0.60, P < 0.001), and the expression of HIF-1 alpha showed a moderate association, but the expression of Glut-1 showed no correlation with SUVmax. Regarding correlations between the expression of the three markers, there were moderate associations between HIF-1 alpha and Glut-1, and HIF-1 alpha and VEGF, and a significant correlation between Glut-1 and VEGF (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). In type B1 thymoma, HIF-1 alpha and Glut-1 were partly expressed in non-neoplastic immature lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET/CT should be performed in patients with tumours in the anterior mediastinum because the pattern of FDG uptake and SUVmax are useful in the differential diagnosis of thymic epithelial tumours. Furthermore, the expressions of HIF-1 alpha, Glut-1 and VEGF might be associated with malignancy of thymic epithelial tumours. In contrast, FDG uptake might be dependent on tumour size rather than Glut-1 overexpression.