The microbial destruction of chitin, pectin, and cellulose in soils

The most intensive degradation of polysaccharides takes place upon low and moderate temperatures in typical chernozems and gray forest soils and upon high temperatures in brown desert-steppe soils. This regularity is related to the structure of soil microbial complexes. The soil water content exerts a more pronounced effect on chitin decomposition in comparison with cellulose and pectin decomposition. The most favorable conditions for pectin decomposition by microbes are created at the water content close to the field capacity. Model experiments indicate that the range of moisture, upon which the transformation of chitin by microbes is most active, is wider in clay and loamy soils than in sandy soils. Direct study of microorganisms in the investigated soils under microscope has shown that actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi participate in the transformation of polysaccharides. The role of actinomycetes in chitin decomposition increases in parallel with the rise in the soil water content and temperature. The role of fungi in pectin decomposition becomes higher under higher moistening and lower temperatures. The use of the FISH method makes it possible to reveal differences in the structure and number of metabolically active representatives of Bacteria and Archaea chitinolytic and pectinolytic prokaryotic complexes in the investigated soils under the impact of different ecological factors.