Journal
EPIGENETICS
Volume 9, Issue 8, Pages 1108-1119Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.4161/epi.29315
Keywords
acute myeloid leukemia; DNA methylation; non-CGI region; DNMT3A; Homeobox gene family
Funding
- Swedish Cancer Foundation
- Swedish Research Council
- Stockholm County Council
- Wallenberg Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Heisenberg-Stipendium BU 1339/3-1]
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The extent and role of aberrant DNA methylation in promoter CpG islands (CGIs) have been extensively studied in leukemia and other malignancies. Still, CGIs represent only a small fraction of the methylome. We aimed to characterize genome-wide differential methylation of cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) cells compared with normal CD34(+) bone marrow cells using the Illumina (R) 450K methylation array. Differential methylation in CN-AML was most prominent in genomic areas far from CGIs, in so called open sea regions. Furthermore, differential methylation was specifically found in genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), with WT1 being the most differentially methylated TF. Among genetic mutations in AML, DNMT3A mutations showed the most prominent association with the DNA methylation pattern, characterized by hypomethylation of CGIs (as compared with DNMT3A wild type cases). The differential methylation in DNMT3A mutant cells vs. wild type cells was predominantly found in HOX genes, which were hypomethylated. These results were confirmed and validated in an independent CN-AML cohort. In conclusion, we show that, in CN-AML, the most pronounced changes in DNA methylation occur in non-CGI regions and that DNMT3A mutations confer a pattern of global hypomethylation that specifically targets HOX genes.
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