Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Volume 26, Issue 3, Pages 309-314Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.002
Keywords
HCO1; MTT assay; Cytotoxicity; Flow cytometry
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [20518002, 20577020]
- Talent Introduction and Cultivation Foundation of Nanjing University of China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry and Research Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation
- Hong Kong University Grants Committee [AoE P-04/04]
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HC Orange No. 1 (HCO1, 2-nitro-4'-hydroxydiphenylamine) (CAS No. 54381-08-7) is used as a colorant in commercial hair dyes. The cytotoxicity of HCO1 to L929 mouse connective tissue fibroblast cells was determined by use of a battery of endpoints that included electron transport activity determined by the MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33258, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis detected by ethidium bromide and flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity of HCO1 was found to be concentration- and time-dependent with EC50 values of 28.0 and 12.0 mg/L after 24 h or 48 h exposure, respectively. The mechanism of toxicity of HCO1 was more characteristic of necrosis than apoptosis. These results can be used to evaluate the relative in vitro toxicity of other dyes and to elucidate their mechanisms of toxicity so that accurate assessment of risks to humans can be made, especially from dermal exposure. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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