Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
Volume 30, Issue 7, Pages 1506-1514Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/etc.535
Keywords
Polar bear; Marine mammal; In vitro biotransformation; Decabromodiphenyl ether; Decabromodiphenyl ethane
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Funding
- Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
- Molson Foundation
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- Danish Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic under the Danish Ministry of Environment
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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The present study assessed and compared the oxidative and reductive biotransformation of brominated flame retardants, including established polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using an in vitro system based on liver microsomes from various arctic marine-feeding mammals: polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat as a mammalian model species. Greater depletion of fully brominated BDE209 (14-25% of 30 pmol) and DBDPE (44-74% of 90 pmol) occurred in individuals from all species relative to depletion of lower brominated PBDEs (BDEs 99,100, and 154; 0-3% of 30 pmol). No evidence of simply debrominated metabolites was observed. Investigation of phenolic metabolites in rat and polar bear revealed formation of two phenolic, likely multiply debrominated, DBDPE metabolites in polar bear and one phenolic BDE154 metabolite in polar bear and rat microsomes. For BDE209 and DBDPE, observed metabolite concentrations were low to nondetectable, despite substantial parent depletion. These findings suggested possible underestimation of the ecosystem burden of total-BDE209, as well as its transformation products, and a need for research to identify and characterize the persistence and toxicity of major BDE209 metabolites. Similar cause for concern may exist regarding DBDPE, given similarities of physicochemical and environmental behavior to BDE209, current evidence of biotransformation, and increasing use of DBDPE as a replacement for BDE209. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:1506-1514. (C) 2011 SETAC
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