Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
Volume 30, Issue 7, Pages 1637-1641Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/etc.544
Keywords
Transportation; Tadpoles; Lithobates sylvatica; Highways; Ecotoxicology
Categories
Funding
- DeVlieg Foundation
- Chicago Herpetological Society
- Western New York Herpetological Society
- Amphibian Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
- Ecosystem Science Center at Michigan Technological University
- MTU
- Michigan Technological University
- Direct For Education and Human Resources
- Division Of Graduate Education [0841073] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Widespread and intensive application of road deicers, primarily road salt (NaCl), in North America threatens water quality and the health of freshwater ecosystems. Intensive use of NaCl can be harmful to sensitive members of freshwater ecosystems such as amphibians. Detection of negative effects of NaCl application has prompted the search for alternative chemical deicers with lower environmental impacts. We conducted a series of 96-h acute toxicity tests to determine the negative sensitivity of larval wood frogs (Rana [Lithobates] sylvatica) to six deicing chemicals: urea (CH4N2O), sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium acetate (CH3COOK), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and calcium magnesium acetate (C8H12CaMgO8). Acetates are sometimes touted as environmentally friendly alternatives to NaCl but have not been examined in enough detail to warrant this designation. When exposed to a range of environmentally realistic concentrations of these chemicals, larvae were least sensitive (i.e., had the lowest mortality rate) to CH4N2O, NaCl, and MgCl2 and most sensitive to acetates (C8H12CaMgO8, CH3COOK) and CaCl2. Our observed median lethal concentration estimates (LC50(96-h)) for NaCl were over two times higher than values presented in previous studies, which suggests variability in tolerance among R. sylvatica populations. The deicers varied greatly in their toxicity, and further research is warranted to examine the differential effects of this suite of deicers on other species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:1637-1641. (C) 2011 SETAC
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