Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
Volume 28, Issue 6, Pages 1159-1167Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1897/08-488.1
Keywords
Produced water; Effects-directed analysis; Toxicity testing; Characterization
Categories
Funding
- Defra
- Dti
- Shell
- United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
- European Union [511237]
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Produced water collected from oil and gas platforms on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf was characterized for nonregulated pollutants through an effects-directed analysis procedure. Produced water samples were characterized for the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) agonists using the dioxin-responsive, chemical-activated luciferase gene expression assay (DR-CALUX (R)) and yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassays. The AhR and ER agonists were then isolated by normal-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography and identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in a number of formats. The identified compounds were cross-referenced with those compounds routinely analyzed and regarded by the Oslo and Paris (OSPAR) Commission for the North East Atlantic as priority hazardous substances. The occurrence in produced water of a number of nonregulated compounds with demonstrable potential environmental effects is presented, to our knowledge for the first time. These include persistent organic contaminants, such as hexachlorobenzene, decachlorobiphenyl, and octachlorodibenzofuran.
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