4.5 Article

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF 17α-ETHINYLESTRADIOL IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
Volume 28, Issue 12, Pages 2725-2732

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1897/08-622.1

Keywords

17 alpha-Ethinylestradiol; Estrogen; Surface water; Water quality model

Funding

  1. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America ( PhRMA)
  2. Natural Environment Research Council [ceh010022, ceh010025] Funding Source: researchfish

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An evaluation of measured and predicted concentrations of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in surface waters of the United States and Europe was conducted to develop expected long-term exposure concentrations for this compound. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) in surface waters were identified from the literature. Predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) were generated for European and U.S. watersheds using the GREAT-ER and PhATE (TM) models, respectively. The majority of MECs are nondetect and generally consistent with model PECs and conservative mass balance calculations. However, the highest MECs are not consistent with concentrations derived from conservative (worst-case) mass balance estimates or model PECs. A review of analytical methods suggests that tandem or high-resolution mass spectrometry methods with extract cleanup result in lower detection limits and lower reported concentrations consistent with model predictions and bounding estimates. Based on model results using PhATE and GREAT-ER, the 90th-percentile low-flow PECs in surface water are approximately 0.2 and 0.3 ng/L for the United States and Europe, respectively. These levels represent conservative estimates of long-term exposure that can be used for risk assessment purposes. Our analysis also indicates that average concentrations are one to two orders of magnitude lower than these 90th-percentile estimates. Higher reported concentrations (e.g., greater than the 99th-percentile PEC of similar to 1 ng/L) could result from methodological problems or unusual environmental circumstances; however, such concentrations are not representative of levels generally found in the environment, warrant special scrutiny, and are not appropriate for use in risk assessments of long-term exposures.

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