Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 25, Issue 29, Pages 29335-29344Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2951-9
Keywords
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs); Heavy metals (HM); Co-contamination; Bioaccumulation; Earthworm; Subcellular distribution
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC 41603106, 51708087]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [DUT18JC46]
- PetroChina Innovation Foundation [2017D-5007-0609]
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The effects of combined exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and heavy metals (HMs) including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were investigated. The results have demonstrated that the concentrations of labile acid exchangeable Cd, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cu in soil were enhanced in addition of PFAAs. With PFAAs, the uptake of Cd, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cu in earthworms was increased compared to those without PFAAs with the order of Cd>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu. In the presence of HMs, the average biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) of PFAAs in earthworms were decreased by 0.498-0.729 times for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 0.606-0.978 times for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), indicating decrease rates of PFOS were higher than those of PFOA. And different levels of HMs led to insignificant different responses on the inhibiting effects of PFAAs uptake in earthworms. The increase of Cd in fraction C (associated with cytosol) and decrease of PFAAs in fraction C and fraction P (associated with tissue fragments, cell membranes, and intact cells) especially for fraction C were revealed when they were combined, suggesting cytosolic PFAAs and Cd were susceptibly mutual effected. This study indicated that PFAAs and metals mutually affected their bioaccumulation and subcellular distribution in earthworms, which will help to understand the fate and risks of PFAAs and metals in co-contaminated soil.
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