Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 21, Issue 12, Pages 7436-7448Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2685-2
Keywords
Veterinary antibiotics; Soil microbial system; Multiple antibiotics; Antibiotics dissipation; MicroResp; Nitrogen-cycling gene
Categories
Funding
- Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest [201303091]
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Capacity Improvement Programmer of the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- National Key Technologies R&D Program of China [2012BAC17B04]
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This study investigated soil microbial responses to the application of tetracycline (TC), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) alone and in combination in a soil culture pot experiment conducted at Hangzhou, China. Multiple approaches were applied for a better and complete depiction. Among the three antibiotics, SMM has a lowest dissipation and shows a most dramatic inhibition on microbial community and metabolism diversity. The combined application (AM) of SMM, CIP, and TC improved the dissipation of each antibiotic; similarly, SMM- and CIP-resistant bacteria showed larger populations in the AM than all single applications. Soils accumulated a large content of NO3-N at day 20 after multi-antibiotics perturbation. All antibiotics stimulated soil basal respirations and inhibited soil metabolism diversity, whereas the interruption exerted by SMM and AM lasted for a longer time. Six nitrogen-cycling genes including chiA, amoA, nifH, nirK, nirS, and narG were quantified and found to decrease owing to both single- and multi-antibiotics perturbation. Overall, AM was most interruptive for soils, followed by SMM perturbation, while other antibiotics could be less interruptive. These results provide systematic insights into how soil microbial systems would shift under each single- or multi-antibiotics perturbation.
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