Persistence, variance and toxic levels of organochlorine pesticides in fluvial sediments and the role of black carbon in their retention

The present study assesses the persistence and variation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their regulation by total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) in freshwater sediment. Sediment samples from the Yamuna River, a major tributary of the Ganges (one of the most populated and intensively used rivers in Asia), had high levels of Sigma(20)OCPs (21.41 to 139.95 ng g(-1)). beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) was the most predominant component. Sigma HCH and Sigma dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) constituted similar to 86 % of Sigma(20)OCPs. Isomer ratios indicated fresh usage of lindane, DDT and technical-grade HCH. Toxicological comparison with freshwater sediment quality guidelines showed gamma-HCH and DDT at high levels of concern. beta-HCH, alpha-HCH, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane (DDD), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene and chlordane were above some of the guideline levels. TOC and BC had mean concentrations of 1.37 +/- 0.51 % and 0.46 +/- 0.23 mg g(-1), respectively. BC constituted 1.25 to 10.56 % of TOC. We observed low to moderate correlations of BC with isomers of HCH, p,p'-DDT and methoxychlor while of TOC with Sigma(20)OCPs, gamma-HCH, endosulfan sulfate and methoxychlor. Principal component analysis enabled correlating and clustering of various OCPs, BC and TOC. OCP distribution was related with pH, electrical conductivity, soil moisture and finer fractions of sediment. OCPs with similarity in properties that determine their interactions with carbonaceous components of sediment clustered together. A number of factors may, thus, be involved in the regulation of interactive forces between BC and OCPs. BC in this study may be more important than TOC in the retention of some OCPs into fluvial sediments, thereby reducing their bioavailability. The finding is probably the first of its kind to report and emphasises the role of BC in the persistence of OCPs in fluvial sediments.