Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 52, Issue 21, Pages 12358-12367Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03881
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [DEB -1354707]
- Ohio Department of Higher Education's Harmful Algal Bloom Research Initiative
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the Ice Nuclei Research Unit (INUIT) [FOR 1525, WE 4722/1-2, FR 3641/1-2]
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Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) associated with fresh waters are a neglected, but integral component of the water cycle. Abundant INPs were identified from surface waters of both the Maumee River and Lake Erie with ice nucleus spectra spanning a temperature range from -3 to -15 degrees C. The majority of river INPs were submicron in size and attributed to biogenic macromolecules, inferred from the denaturation of ice-nucleation activity by heat. In a watershed dominated by row-crop agriculture, higher concentrations of INPs were found in river samples compared to lake samples. Further, ice-nucleating temperatures differed between river and lake samples, which indicated different populations of INPs. Seasonal analysis of INPs that were active at warmer temperatures (>=-10 degrees C; INP-10) showed their concentration to correlate with river discharge, suggesting a watershed origin of these INPs. A terrestrial origin for INPs in the Maumee River was further supported by a correspondence between the ice-nucleation signatures of river INPs and INPs derived from the soil fungus Mortierella alpina. Aerosols derived from turbulence features in the river carry INP-10, although their potential influence on regional weather is unclear. INP-10 contained within aerosols generated from a weir spanning the river, ranged in concentration from 1 to 11 INP m(-3), which represented a fold-change of 3.2 over average INP-10 concentrations sampled from aerosols at control locations.
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