Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 52, Issue 17, Pages 9827-9834Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02913
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Funding
- China Scholarship Council
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- DuPont's Center for Collaborative Research and Education in Wilmington, DE
- Department of Agronomy at Purdue University
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Funds [1006516]
- NIFA [1006516, 812684] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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Global phase out of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) has led to increasing production of alternatives such as the chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) for which little is known on their environmental fate. In this study, sorption by soils, aerobic soil biodegradation, and oxidation potential of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane1-sulfonate) and 8:2 Cl-PFESA (9-chlorooctadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate) were evaluated. 6:2 Cl-PFESA sorption was quantified for aqueous and acetone/water solutions, whereas 8:2 PFESA could only be accurately measured in acetone/water solutions. The log-linear cosolvency model was applied and validated to estimate sorption of 8:2 Cl-PFESA. Only soil organic carbon (OC, 0.76-4.30%) was highly and positively correlated to sorption of the Cl-PFESAs (R-2 > 0.96). The resulting log K-oc values (OC-normalized sorption coefficients) are 4.01 +/- 0.09 (n = 6) and 5.54 +/- 0.05 (n = 4) L kg(-1) for 6:2 Cl-PFESA and 8:2 Cl-PFESA, respectively. Aerobic biodegradation in a loam soil at 24 +/- 0.5 degrees C showed negligible degradation of both CI-PFESAs. Cl-PFESAs also remained unchanged in an unbuffered heat (50 degrees C)-activated 42 mM persulfate oxidation treatment. Therefore, Cl-PFESAs are equally recalcitrant as PFOS in addition to being more sorptive, thus with a higher bioaccumulation potential for a similar alkyl chain length.
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