Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 46, Issue 2, Pages 1285-1292Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/es203748b
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Funding
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair
- Aramco Services
- Baker Hughes Incorporated
- British Petroleum
- Intertek/CML
- Computer Modelling Group Limited
- ConocoPhillips Company
- YPF SA
- Shell Canada Limited
- Suncor Energy Developments Inc.
- Yara International ASA
- Alberta Innovates-Energy and Environment Solutions
- Genome Canada
- Genome Alberta
- Government of Alberta
- Genome BC
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Souring in the Medicine Hat Glauconitic C field, which has a low bottom-hole temperature (30 degrees C), results from the presence of 0.8 mM sulfate in the injection water. Inclusion of 2 mM nitrate to decrease souring results in zones of nitrate-reduction, sulfate-reduction, and methanogenesis along the injection water flow path. Microbial community analysis by pyrosequencing indicated dominant community members in each of these zones. Nitrate breakthrough was observed in 2-PW, a major water- and sulfide-producing well, after 4 years of injection. Sulfide concentrations at four other production wells (PWs) also reached zero, causing the average sulfide concentration in 14 PWs to decrease significantly. Interestingly, oil produced by 2-PW was depleted of toluene, the preferred electron donor for nitrate reduction. 2-PW and other PWs with zero sulfide produced 95% water and 5% oil. At 2 mM nitrate and 5 mM toluene, respectively, this represents an excess of electron acceptor over electron donor. Hence, continuous nitrate injection can change the composition of produced oil and nitrate breakthrough is expected first in PWs with a low oil to water ratio, because oil from these wells is treated on average with more nitrate than is oil from PWs with a high oil to water ratio.
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