Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Volume 191, Issue -, Pages 38-49Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.009
Keywords
Pb; Mn; Children; Blood; Handwipes; Dust; Soil; Diet; Pathways
Categories
Funding
- Australian Research Council
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
- National Measurements Institute
- US EPA
- Macquarie University
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We monitored 108 children <= 5 years on a 6-month basis for up to 5 years in a major urban setting. Samples (n similar to 7000) included blood, urine, handwipes (interior, and after exterior playing), 6-day duplicate diet, drinking water, interior house and day care dust-fall accumulation using petri dishes, exterior dust-fall accumulation, exterior dust sweepings, paint, soil and urban air. The geometric mean blood Pb (PbB) was 2.1 mu g/dL and blood Mn (MnB) was 10.0 mu g/L. Following a path modelling approach, mixed model analyses for a fully adjusted model showed the strongest associations for PbB were with interior house dust and soil; for MnB there were no significant associations with any predictors. Predictor variables only explained 9% of the variance for Pb and 0.7% for Mn. Relationships between environmental measures and PbB in children are not straightforward; soil and dust sweepings contribute only about 1/5th of the amounts to PbB found in other studies. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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