Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Volume 185, Issue -, Pages 107-115Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.001
Keywords
Hydraulic loading rate (HLR); Carbon loading rate (CLR); Wastewater; Constructed wetland; Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs)
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Funding
- Water Research Foundation (WRF) [4334]
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Constructed wetlands remove trace organic contaminants via synergistic processes involving plant biomass that include hydrolysis, volatilization, sorption, biodegradation, and photolysis. Wetland design conditions, such as hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) and carbon loading rates (CLRs), influence these processes. Contaminant of emerging concern (CEC) removal by wetland plants was investigated at varying HLRs and CLRs. Rate constants and parameters obtained from batch-scale studies were used in a mechanistic model to evaluate the effect of these two loading rates on CEC removal. CLR significantly influenced CEC removal when wetlands were operated at HLR >5 cm/d. High values of CLR increased removal of estradiol and carbamazepine but lowered that of testosterone and atrazine. Without increasing the cumulative HLR, operating two wetlands in series with varying CLRs could be a way to improve CEC removal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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