Processes for the elimination of estrogenic steroid hormones from water: A review

Natural estrogens such as estrone (El), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and the synthetic one, 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), are excreted by humans and animals and enter into environment through discharge of domestic sewage effluents and disposal of animal waste. The occurrence of these substances in aquatic ecosystems may affect the endocrine system of humans and wildlife so it has emerged as a major concern for water quality. Extensive research has being carried out during the last decades on the efficiency of the degradation and/or removal of these hormones in sewage treatment plants (STPs). Conventional and advanced treatments have been investigated by different authors for the elimination of estrogens from water. This paper aims to review the different processes and treatments that have been applied for the elimination of El, E2, E3 and EE2 from water. With this purpose, physical, biological and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been addressed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.