Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Flame Retardants and Thyroid Hormone during Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to determine whether PBDE serum concentrations are associated with TH levels in pregnant women. METHODS: We measured the concentration of 10 PBDE congeners, free thyroxine (T-4), total T-4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in 270 pregnant women around the 27th week of gestation. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of individual PBDE congeners with detection frequencies > 50% (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, and 153) and their sum (Sigma PBDEs) were inversely associated with TSH levels. Decreases in TSH ranged between 10.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), -20.6 to 0.0] and 18.7% (95% CI, -29.2 to -4.5) for every 10-fold increase in the concentration of individual congeners. Odds of subclinical hyperthyroidism (low TSH but normal T-4) were also significantly elevated in participants in the highest quartile of PBDEs and BDEs 100 and 153 relative to those in the first quartile. Associations between PBDEs and free and total T-4 were not statistically significant. Results were not substantially altered after the removal of outliers and were independent of the method used to adjust for blood lipid levels and to express Sigma PBDEs. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that exposure to PBDEs is associated with lower TSH during pregnancy. Findings may have implications for maternal health and fetal development.