Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-13-6
Keywords
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; Mono-benzyl phthalate; Mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; Mono-ethyl phthalate; Mono-isobutyl phthalate; Mono-n-butyl phthalate; Insulin; Blood glucose; Gender differences; Race/ethnicity
Funding
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [K12HD051959]
- Harvard BIRCWH Scholars program [K12HD051959-07]
- NIH Loan Repayment Award for Clinical Research
- NICHD career development award [K99HD064793]
- Clinical Scholar Award from the Pediatric Endocrine Society
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Background: Phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemicals associated with diabetes. Although women and minorities are more likely to be exposed to phthalates, no prior studies have examined phthalate exposure and markers of diabetes risk evaluating effect modification by gender and race/ethnicity. Methods: We analyzed CDC data for 8 urinary phthalate metabolites from 3,083 non-diabetic, non-pregnant participants aged 12- < 80 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008. We used median regression to assess the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), controlling for urinary creatinine as well as several sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Stratified analyses were conducted to compare the gender-and race/ethnicity-specific patterns for the associations. Results: Urinary levels of several phthalate metabolites, including MBzP, MnBP, MiBP, MCPP and Sigma DEHP showed significant positive associations with FBG, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. No clear difference was noted between men and women. Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic blacks had stronger dose-response relationships for MnBP, MiBP, MCPP and Sigma DEHP compared to non-Hispanic whites. For example, the highest quartile of MiBP relative to its lowest quartile showed a median FBG increase of 5.82 mg/dL (95% CI: 3.77, 7.87) in Mexican-Americans, 3.63 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.23, 6.03) in blacks and 1.79 mg/dL (95% CI: -0.29, 3.87) in whites. Conclusions: The findings suggest that certain populations may be more vulnerable to phthalates with respect to disturbances in glucose homeostasis. Whether endocrine disrupting chemicals contribute to gender and racial/ethnic differences in diabetes risk will be an important area for further study.
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