Journal
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
Volume 66, Issue -, Pages 1-10Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.013
Keywords
City environment; Particle exposure; Health impacts; Particle number concentration; Ultrafine particles
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Funding
- EPSRC
- University of Surrey
- DTA and instrument
- Singapore National Research Foundation
- SingaporeMIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART)
- Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling (CENSAM)
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Ultrafine particles (UFPs; diameter less than 100 nm) are ubiquitous in urban air, and an acknowledged risk to human health. Globally, the major source for urban outdoor UFP concentrations is motor traffic. Ongoing trends towards urbanisation and expansion of road traffic are anticipated to further increase population exposure to UFPs. Numerous experimental studies have characterised UFPs in individual cities, but an integrated evaluation of emissions and population exposure is still lacking. Our analysis suggests that the average exposure to outdoor UFPs in Asian cities is about four-times larger than that in European cities but impacts on human health are largely unknown. This article reviews some fundamental drivers of UFP emissions and dispersion, and highlights unresolved challenges, as well as recommendations to ensure sustainable urban development whilst minimising any possible adverse health impacts. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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