Journal
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Volume 108, Issue 1-2, Pages 96-118Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.06.020
Keywords
Landslide disaster; Rock fall; Ice fall; Debris flow; Huascaran; Andes; Peru
Funding
- INGEMMET
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- University of Waterloo
- NERC [ciaf010001] Funding Source: UKRI
- Natural Environment Research Council [ciaf010001] Funding Source: researchfish
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The 1962 and 1970 Huascaran mass movements, originated as rock/ice falls from the mountain's North Peak, transformed into higher-volume high-velocity mud-rich debris flows by incorporation of snow from the surface of a glacier below Huascaran and the substantial entrainment of morainic and colluvial material from slopes below the glacier terminus. Water for fluidization of the entrained material originated in the melting of incorporated snow and the liberation of soil moisture contained within the entrained materials. Eyewitness reports indicate very high mean velocities for the events; 17-35 m/s (1962) and 50-85 m/s (1970). The runout distances and velocity profiles of both events were simulated using DAN/W. Both mass movements continued downstream in the Rio Santa as debris floods (aluviones) that in 1970 reached the Pacific at a distance of 180 km. In strong contrast to publications in the geosciences literature, 1961 Peru Census data indicates that the death toll of the 1970 event is ca. 6000 and that total life loss in the two events did not exceed 7000 people. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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