Journal
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
Volume 275, Issue -, Pages 419-428Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.037
Keywords
Sodium lithium titanate; Phase identification; Electrochemical behavior; Anode material; Lithium-ion batteries
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51104092]
- National 863 Program [2013AA050901]
- Ningbo Key Innovation Team [2014B81005]
- Ningbo Natural Science Foundation [2014A610042]
- K.C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
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A series of NaxLi4-xTi6O14 (0 <= x <= 4) are prepared by solid-state method and their structures, morphologies and electrochemical properties are compared by changing the Na/Li atomic ratio. It can be found that two single-phase samples of Na2Li2Ti6O14 and Na4Ti6O14 and three multi-phase samples of Li4Ti6O14 (Li4Ti5O12/TiO2), NaLi3Ti6O14 (Na2Li2Ti6O14/Li4Ti5O12/TiO2) and Na3LiTi6O14 (Na2Li2Ti6O14/Na2Ti3O7) can be formed by using a stoichiometric ratio of starting materials based on the formula of NaxLi4-xTi6O14. Besides, different Na/Li atomic ratios in NaxLi4-xTi6O14 also induce the morphology evolution shifting from round-shape to polyhedron-shape, and then to square-shape with the increase of Na content. Electrochemical tests show that Li4Ti6O14 delivers the highest charge capacities of 116 mAh g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1), 91.5 mAh g(-1) at 200 mA g(-1), 77.5 mAh g(-1) at 300 mA g(-1) and 66.9 mAh g(-1) at 400 mA g(-1) among five samples. For comparison, Na4Ti6O14 only reveals the reversible capacities of 38.6 mAh g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1), 30.2 mAh g(-1) at 200 mA g(-1), 24.8 mAh g(-1) at 300 mA g(-1) and 20.9 mAh g(-1) at 400 mA g(-1). It suggests that Li4Ti6O14 is the most potential lithium storage material among all the NaxLi4-xTi6O14 samples. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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