Journal
ENERGY POLICY
Volume 56, Issue -, Pages 5-15Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.002
Keywords
Low carbon fuel standard; Cellulosic biofuels; Food versus fuel
Funding
- Energy Foundation
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley
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This paper examines the economic and GHG implications of stacking a low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) with and without a carbon price policy on the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). We compare the performance of various policy combinations for food and fuel prices, fuel mix and fuel consumption. We also analyze the economic costs and benefits of alternative policy combinations and their distributional effects for consumers and producers in the transportation and agricultural sector in the US. Using a dynamic, multi-market, partial equilibrium model of the transportation and agricultural sectors, we find that combining the RFS with an LCFS policy leads to a reduction in first generation biofuels and an increase in second generation biofuels compared to the RFS alone. This policy combination also achieves greater reduction in GHG emissions even after considering offsetting market mediated effects. Imposition of a carbon price with the RFS and LCFS policy primarily induces fuel conservation and achieves larger GHG emissions reduction compared to the other policy scenarios. All these policy combinations lead to higher net economic benefits for the transportation and agricultural sectors relative to the no policy baseline because they improve the terms of trade for US. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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