Journal
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
Volume 50, Issue 7, Pages 1635-1643Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.03.036
Keywords
Plug-in hybrid vehicle; Fuel consumption; Emission factors; Standard driving cycles; Life-cycle analysis
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Funding
- FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (National Science and Technology Foundation)
- FCT
- European Social Fund (FSE)
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Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) are gaining attention over the world due to their ability to reduce gasoline/diesel consumption by using electricity from the grid. Despite the efforts of Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practice SAE J1711, it has not yet been established a worldwide methodology for calculation of fuel consumption and emission factors when regarding emission standards, with distinct driving cycles. This paper intends to contribute to the creation of this broader methodology, based on SAE J1711, aiming a fair comparison among vehicle technologies, and giving insight on electric grid impact and On CO2 life-cycle emissions. The methodology was applied to two simulated PHEVs exploring two different powertrain configurations: series and parallel; different driving cycles: CAFE, FTP75, NEDC and JC08; different driving distances (specially analyzing the average commuting daily distance of 20 km) and different user behaviours regarding battery recharging. CO2 emissions were calculated for fuel consumption, electricity generation and cradle-to-grave. Electric grid power demand was estimated. Maintenance, manufacturer and use costs were discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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