Journal
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Volume 7, Issue 5, Pages 1555-1563Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c3ee43870h
Keywords
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Funding
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research
- Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences
- UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory [DE-AC0206CH11357]
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Researchers worldwide view the high theoretical specific energy of the lithium-air or lithium-oxygen battery as a promising path to a transformational energy-storage system for electric vehicles. Here, we present a self-consistent material-to-system analysis of the best-case mass, volume, and cost values for the nonaqueous lithium-oxygen battery and compare them with current and advanced lithium-based batteries using metal-oxide positive electrodes. Surprisingly, despite their high theoretical specific energy, lithium-oxygen systems were projected to achieve parity with other candidate chemistries as a result of the requirement to deliver and purify or to enclose the gaseous oxygen reactant. The theoretical specific energy, which leads to predictions of an order of magnitude improvement over a traditional lithium-ion battery, is shown to be an inadequate predictor of systems-level cost, volume, and mass. This analysis reveals the importance of system-level considerations and identifies the reversible lithium-metal negative electrode as a common, critical high-risk technology needed for batteries to reach long-term automotive objectives. Additionally, advanced lithium-ion technology was found to be a moderate risk pathway to achieve the majority of volume and cost reductions.
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