Journal
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Volume 7, Issue 9, Pages 2925-2933Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c4ee01223b
Keywords
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Funding
- European Commission [288565]
- Eurotech Universities Alliance project Interface science for photovoltaics (ISPV)
- European Research Infrastructure (SOPHIA)
- European Energy Research Alliance (EERA)
- Excellence Cluster of Advanced Materials (EAM)
- Soltec Initiative Solar goes Hybrid from the Bavarian Ministry of Science and Education
- Danish National Research Foundation
- Danish Council for Independent Research, Technology and Production Sciences [11-116864]
- Danish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education under a Sapere Aude Top Scientist grant [DFF - 1335-00037A]
- Elite Scientist grant [11-116028]
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Inline printing and coating methods have been demonstrated to enable a high technical yield of fully roll-to-roll processed polymer tandem solar cell modules. We demonstrate generality by employing different material sets and also describe how the ink systems must be carefully co-developed in order to reach the ambitious objective of a fully printed and coated 14-layer flexible tandem solar cell stack. The roll-to-roll methodologies involved are flexographic printing, rotary screen printing, slot-die coating, X-ray scattering, electrical testing and UV-lamination. Their combination enables the manufacture of completely functional devices in exceptionally high yields. Critical to the ink and process development is a carefully chosen technology transfer to industry method where first a roll coater is employed enabling contactless stack build up, followed by a small roll-to-roll coater fitted to an X-ray machine enabling in situ studies of wet ink deposition and drying mechanisms, ultimately elucidating how a robust inline processed recombination layer is key to a high technical yield. Finally, the transfer to full roll-to-roll processing is demonstrated.
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