Journal
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Volume 5, Issue 12, Pages 9903-9913Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c2ee22734g
Keywords
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Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Korean Government [NRF-2011-C1AAA001-0030538, 2011-0027954, 2011-0030658]
- Fundamental R&D Program for Core Technology of Materials [M2009010025]
- MKE, Republic of Korea
- Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) [K0006060] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2012-90001865] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Since one of the main drawbacks of Li4Ti5O12 as a negative-electrode material is its low electronic conductivity, several researchers have attempted to improve the conductivity by narrowing the band gap through transition-metal doping. Herein, we report another, more significant effect of doping in addition to the band gap narrowing, namely, an anomalous decrease in the structural disorder in Li4Ti5O12 upon Cr3+-ion doping. Although it is generally recognized that doping with heterogeneous elements increases the structural disorder, the Cr3+-ion doping in Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated an unexpected structural phenomenon. From the results of various structural analyses using a synchrotron beam, such anomalous structural changes were revealed to originate from charge redistribution at nearby Ti4+ ions. Finally, the capacity was markedly enhanced, especially at high C-rates (125 mA h g(-1) for 10C charge/10C discharge, 145 mA h g(-1) for 1C charge/50C discharge) because of both the band gap narrowing and the increased ionic diffusivity due to the decreased structural disorder, but was decreased instead for too-high doping levels.
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