Adiponectin antagonizes stimulatory effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on vascular smooth muscle cell calcification:: Regulation of growth arrest-specific gene 6-mediated survival pathway by adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase

Adiponectin exhibits diverse protective effects against atherogenesis and antagonizes many effects of TNF alpha. Here, we investigated the effect of adiponectin and TNF alpha on vascular calcification, a critical event in the development and progression of vascular disease. In human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC), TNF alpha augmented inorganic phosphate (Pi)-induced calcification, whereas adiponectin significantly suppressed it and abolished the stimulatory effect of TNF alpha in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, adiponectin ameliorated the accelerating effect of TNF alpha on Pi-induced apoptosis, the essential process of HASMC calcification. Furthermore, these effects of TNF alpha and adiponectin were associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) expression and Akt signaling. The AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside ( AICAR), induced phosphorylation of AMPK and significantly inhibited Pi-induced calcification in HASMC. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK by compound C blocked both AMPK activation and the inhibitory effect of adiponectin on calcification, providing evidence that AMPK plays a regulatory role in vascular calcification. Reporter assay revealed that adiponectin restored Gas6 promoter activity decreased by TNF alpha, and the effect of adiponectin was abrogated by compound C. These results demonstrate that adiponectin antagonizes the stimulatory effect of TNF alpha on vascular calcification by restoration of the AMPK-dependent Gas6-mediated survival pathway.