beta-Adrenergic Receptor Mediated Protection against Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis in Cardiomyocytes: The Impact of High Ambient Glucose

Recent studies have demonstrated that the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR)-G alpha(i) signaling pathway exerts a cardiac antiapoptotic effect. The goals of this study were to determine the intracellular signaling factors involved in beta(2)AR-mediated protection against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocyte and explore the impact of high ambient glucose on the antiapoptotic effect. Under physiological glucose environment (100 mg/dl), beta(2)AR stimulation prevented doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, which was attenuated by cotreatment with wortmannin, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, or transfection of a dominant-negative Akt. Inhibition of Src kinase with 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl) pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine or cSrc small interfering RNA 32 also attenuated the antiapoptotic effect. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) with AG1296 reversed the beta(2)AR-induced antiapoptotic effect. Transfection of an active Src cDNA (Y529F) alone was sufficient to render the cells resistant to apoptosis, and the resistance was blocked by wortmannin. Transfection of an active PI3K minigene (iSH2-p110) alone also induced resistance to apoptosis, and the resistance was reversed by an Akt-inhibitor but not by AG1296. High ambient glucose (450 mg/dl) caused two major effects: 1) it significantly reduced beta AR-induced PDGFR phosphorylation, Src kinase activity, and activation of PI3K signaling pathway; and 2) it partially attenuated beta(2)AR-induced antiapoptotic effect. These data provide in vitro evidence supporting a signaling cascade by which beta(2)AR exerts a protective effect against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis via sequential involvement of G alpha(i), G beta gamma, Src, PDGFR, PI3K, and Akt. High ambient glucose significantly attenuates beta(2)AR-mediated cardioprotection by suppressing factors involved in this cascade including PDGFR, Src, and PI3K/Akt. (Endocrinology 149: 6449-6461, 2008)