Characteristics of the Near-Surface Currents in the Indian Ocean as Deduced from Satellite-Tracked Surface Drifters. Part I: Pseudo-Eulerian Statistics

Using the 1985-2013 record of near-surface currents from satellite-tracked drifters, the pseudo-Eulerian statistics of the near-surface circulation in the Indian Ocean (IO) are analyzed. It is found that the distributions of the current velocities and mean kinetic energy (MKE) in the IO are extremely inhomogeneous in space and nonstationary in time. The most energetic regions with climatologic mean velocity over 50 cm s(-1) and MKE over 500 cm(2) s(-2) are found off the eastern coast of Somalia (with maxima of over 100cm s(-1) and 1500 cm(2) s(-2)) and the equatorial IO, associated with the strong, annually reversing Somalia Current and the twice-a-year eastward equatorial jets. High eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is found in regions of the equatorial IO, western boundary currents, and Agulhas Return Current, with a maximum of over 3000 cm(2) s(-2) off the eastern coast of Somalia. The lowest EKE (< 500cm(2) s(-2)) occurs in the south subtropical gyre between 308 and 40 degrees S and the central-eastern Arabian Sea. Annual and semiannual variability is a significant fraction of the total EKE off the eastern coast of Somalia and in the central-eastern equatorial IO. In general, both the MKE and EKE estimated in the present study are qualitatively in agreement with, but quantitatively larger than, estimates from previous studies. These pseudo-Eulerian MKE and EKE fields, based on the most extensive drifter dataset to date, are the most precise in situ estimates to date and can be used to validate satellite and numerical results.