Journal
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Volume 20, Issue 6, Pages 1422-1431Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0699-9
Keywords
Cadmium; Suaeda salsa; NMR; Metabolomics
Categories
Funding
- Project of National Science & Technology Pillar Program in 12th Five Year'' Period [2011BAC02B01]
- Chinese Academy of Sciences [KZCX2-YW-223, KZCX2-YW-225]
- Technology Development Program Projects of Shandong Province [2008GG2000 5006, 2008GG3NS0700]
- SDSFC [ZR2009CZ008]
- CAS/SAFEA International
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Yellow River Delta [2009KFJJ03]
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Cadmium is a non-essential element to living organisms and has become the severe contaminant in both seawater and sediment in the intertidal zones of the Bohai Sea. The halophyte, Suaeda salsa is the pioneer plant in the intertidal zones of Bohai Sea and has been widely applied in environmental sciences. In this study, the dose- and time-dependent effects induced by environmentally relevant concentrations (2, 10 and 50 mu g l(-1)) of cadmium were characterized in S. salsa using NMR-based metabolomics. The levels of amino acids (valine, leucine, glutamate, tyrosine, etc.), carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose and fructose), intermediates of tricarboxylic acid cycle (succinate, citrate, etc.) and osmolyte (betaine) were altered in the S. salsa samples after cadmium exposures. These metabolic biomarkers indicated the elevated protein degradation and disturbances in the osmotic regulation and energy metabolism caused by cadmium in S. salsa. Overall, our results demonstrated the applicability of NMR-based metabolomics for the detection of metabolic biomarkers that could be used for the interpretation of toxicological effects induced by contaminants in the pioneer plant S. salsa in the intertidal zones. In addition, the metabolic biomarkers could be potentially useful for the bio-monitoring of contaminants in the intertidal zones.
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