Journal
ECOLOGY
Volume 95, Issue 9, Pages 2613-2621Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1890/13-1848.1
Keywords
anthropogenic change; citizen science; global climate change; impervious surface; Lepidoptera; nonadditive effects; phenology; physiology; temperature; trait-based modeling
Categories
Funding
- USGS [G10AC00624]
- NASA Biodiversity grant [ROSES-NNX09AK22G]
- Brazilian agency CAPES through its Ciencia Sem Fronteiras program
- NSF [DBI-1147049, DBI-1052875]
- DOE-PER [DE-FG02-08ER64510]
- NSF-CAREER grant [09533390]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure [1052875, 1147049] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure [1639145] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Research On Learning
- Direct For Education and Human Resources [1319293] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Urbanization and global climate change can profoundly alter biological systems, yet scientists often analyze their effects separately. We test how the timing of life cycle events (phenology) is jointly influenced by these two components of global change. To do so, we use a long-term phenological data set of 20 common butterfly species from 83 sites across the state of Ohio, USA, with sites that range from rural undeveloped areas to moderately sized cities. These sites span a latitudinal gradient in mean temperature of several degrees C, mimicking the range of projected global climate warming effects through the end of the century. Although shifts toward earlier phenology are typical of species' responses to either global climate change or urbanization, we found that their interaction delayed several Ohio butterfly species' first appearance and peak abundance phenology. Exploitative species exhibited smaller delays in first appearance and peak abundance phenology in areas that were urbanized and geographically warm. Our results show that phenological responses to urbanization are contingent upon geographic variation in temperature, and that the impacts of urbanization and global climate change should be considered simultaneously when developing forecasts of biological responses to environmental change.
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