Journal
ECOLOGY
Volume 91, Issue 2, Pages 431-440Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1890/09-0099.1
Keywords
climate change; co-flowering; Heterotheca; Hymenoxys; Lathyrus; long-term data; Lupinus; Mertensia; phenology; Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado, USA; snow; snowmelt
Categories
Funding
- the National Science Foundation [DEB 75-15422, DEB 78-07784, BSR 81-08387, DEB 94-08382, IBN-98-14509, DEB-0238331]
- Sigma Xi
- NDEA
- University of Maryland's General Research Board
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council or Canada
- Fonds Quebecois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [0922080] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Climate change is expected to alter patterns of species co-occurrence, in both space and time. Species-specific shifts in reproductive phenology may alter the assemblages of plant species in flower at any given time during the growing season. Temporal overlap in the flowering periods (co-flowering) of animal-pollinated species may influence reproductive success if competitive or facilitative interactions between plant species affect pollinator services. We used a 33-year data set on flowering phenology in subalpine meadows ill Colorado, USA, to determine whether interannual variation in snowmelt date, which marks the start of the growing season, affected co-flowering patterns. For two of four species considered, we found a significant relationship between snowmelt timing and composition of the assemblage of co-flowering plants. In years of early snowmelt, Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (Fabaceac), the Species we investigated in most detail, tended to overlap with earlier-flowering species and with fewer species overall. In particular, overlap with the flowering period of Lupinus polyphyllus var. prunophilus, with which Lathyrus leucanthus shares pollinators. was significantly reduced ill early-snowmelt years. The observed association between timing of snowmelt and patterns of flowering overlap could not have been predicted simply by examining temporal trends in the dates of peak flowering of the dominant species in the community, its peak flowering dates have largely shifted in parallel with respect to snowmelt date. However, Subtle interspecific differences in responsiveness of flowering time, duration, and intensity to interannual climate variation have likely contributed to the observed relationship. Although much of the year-to-year variation in flowering overlap remains unexplained by snowmelt date, our finding of a Measurable signal of climate variation Suggests that future climate change may lead to altered competitive environments for these wildflower species.
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