Journal
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Volume 95, Issue -, Pages 595-605Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.08.004
Keywords
Historical map; Ancient map; Military map; Landscape ecology; Landscape change; Environmental management; Object-based image analysis; Segmentation; Random Forests; Land-use change
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Funding
- USGS [2018OH567B]
- Open Research Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China [OFSLRSS201604]
- Microsoft Azure Research Award [CRM0518513]
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Tracking Earth's past helps us to move from hindsight to foresight in seeking landscape sustainability, a pursuit aided by modern mapping capabilities but hindered by a dearth of historical landscape information. To fill the data gap and exemplify the use of old maps for land-use change sciences, we combined an old paper-based US civil war map and modem aerial photos to derive land-use history and landscape dynamics at fine scales for a region near Chancellorsville, USA, from 1867 to 2014. We also tested how advanced algorithms object-based image analysis and Random Forests (RF)-could aid in data processing. Automatic classification of the scanned 1867 paper map proved difficult, but its manual digitization could benefit from object-based image segmentation. Classifying digital aerial images was more accurate via the object-based than pixel-based method, but only if the images were segmented appropriately. In the object-based classification, spectral-based features were much more important and useful than shape/geometry features for land-cover discrimination, as ranked by RF. During the 147 years, 32% of the region changed in land type. Settlement and roads increased in extent by 1850% and 691%, respectively, and woodland decreased by 19%. These changes fragmented the landscape, altered the hydrological regime, and affected river morphology. The utility of old maps exemplified here provides an impetus for leveraging extant old maps or historical records to support land-use and global change research. Our study also connotes the importance of preserving and geotagging current non-traditional data, such as photos, videos, and citizen science data, that can serve as a baseline to document future landscape change.
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