Quantifying the effects of root reinforcement of Persian Ironwood (Parrotia persica) on slope stability; a case study: Hillslope of Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran

Forest vegetation is known to enhance the stability of slopes by reinforcing soil and increasing its shear resistance through root system. The effects of root reinforcement depend on the morphological characteristics of the loot system, the tensile strength of single roots, and the spatial distribution of the roots in soil. In the present study the results of research carried out in order to evaluate the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of Persian Ironwood (Parrotia persica), in northern Iran are presented. Profile trenching method was used to obtain root area ratio (RAR) values for uphill and downhill sides of the individual trees. For each species, single root specimens were sampled and tested for their tensile strength It was found that root density generally decreases with depth according to an exponential law. Maximum RAR values were located within the first 0.1 m. with maximum rooting depth at about 065 m RAR values ranged from 0 001% at lower depths to 1.39% near the surface, at upper 0.1 m depth. Significant differences of RAR values, rooting depth and root cohesion between uphill and downhill were observed, however, the differences were not significant for number of roots (ANCOVA) Downhill profiles had higher RAR values, rooting depth and root cohesion. In general, root tensile strength tends to decrease with diameter according to a power law, as observed by other researchers. Downhill roots were significantly stronger in tensile strength than uphill ones. Inter-species variation of tensile strength in downhill roots was also observed The resulting data were used to evaluate the reinforcing effects in terms of increased shear strength of the soil, using Wu/Waldron Model The root reinforcement provided by Persian Ironwood is about 46 0 kPa in the upper layers and 0.3 kPa in the deeper horizons. The results of Spearman test revealed a significant correlation between RAR and C-r and that best followed by a power law. The results presented in this paper contribute to expanding the knowledge on biotechnical characteristics of Persian Ironwood on slope reinforcement. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved