The dynamics of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks across east-central Canada

An analysis of forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria defoliation records from Ontario and Quebec over the period 19382002 indicates that outbreaks recur periodically and somewhat synchronously among regions of the two provinces. Cluster analysis revealed that the most strongly periodic, large-scale, synchronized fluctuations occurred within three regions: northwestern Ontario, eastern Ontario/western Quebec and southeastern Quebec. Defoliation in the vast surrounding hinterlands tended to be infrequent and sporadic, loosely tracking defoliation in the core outbreak regions. One small cluster in northeastern Ontario stood out as anomalous, as a result of an increasing trend in the duration of periodic defoliation episodes, marked by an unprecedented double-wave of defoliation that persisted from 1992 to 1999. This is the precise area where, in the early 2000s, trembling aspen Populus tremuloides stems were mapped as being in a state of decline of unprecedented severity and extent. Our results suggest forest tent caterpillar has the potential to cause significant impacts on forest health and, hence, carbon budgets in east-central Canada and that the forest tent caterpillar deserves more attention as a model system of forest insect disturbance ecology.