Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced Land Damage for Residential Christchurch

Christchurch, New Zealand, experienced four major earthquakes (M-w 5.9 to 7.1) since 4 September 2010 that triggered localized to widespread liquefaction. Liquefaction caused significant damage to residential foundations due to ground subsidence, ground failure, and lateral spreading. This paper describes the land damage assessment process for Christchurch, including the collection and processing of extensive data and observations related to liquefaction, the characterization of liquefaction effects on land performance, and the quantification of losses for insurance compensation purposes. The paper also examines the effectiveness of several existing liquefaction vulnerability parameters and a new parameter developed through this research, Liquefaction Severity Number (LSN), in explaining the observed liquefaction-induced damage in residential areas of Christchurch using results from 11,500 cone penetration tests (CPTs) as well as a robust regional groundwater model.