Immaturity, perinatal inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity: A multi-hit hypothesis

Objective: To explore the relationship among markers of infection/inflammation in their association with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: We studied clinical characteristics and 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms in infection/inflammation-associated genes in a group of 73 children with a gestational age<32 weeks. Forty-four children (60%) had ROP, of whom 13 (30% of those with ROP) progressed to stage 3 ROP. No child had grade 4 or 5 ROP. We employed both descriptive and analytic statistical methods. Results: Clinical variables of infection/inflammation were consistently associated with an increased risk of ROP. Among infants with ROP, they were also associated with progression to ROP grade 3. Genetic markers were not associated with ROP occurrence, but with progression to high grade disease. In tri-variable analyses exploring the effects of gestational age <29 weeks, clinical chorioamnionitis (CAM) and neonatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) on ROP occurrence, low gestational age was the most important antecedent, while additional individual or joint exposure to SIRS and CAM add appreciably to this risk of progression to high grade disease. Conclusion: Both antenatal and neonatal exposure to inflammation appear to contribute to the increased ROP risk in preterm infants. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.