Journal
DYES AND PIGMENTS
Volume 88, Issue 2, Pages 220-229Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2010.07.001
Keywords
Bifunctional reactive dyes; Wash-off; Dye removal; Environmental indicators; Dye effluent; BOD/COD
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Dyeings on cotton obtained using three commercial bifunctional reactive dyes were subjected to a standard, five-stage method which employed a proprietary wash-off agent as well as a three stage, chemical-free wash-off process. Dyeings obtained using both wash-off methods were of the same colour and displayed similar levels of fastness to repeated washing at 60 degrees C. Lowering the number of wash-off stages from five to three and replacing the wash-off agent with 98 degrees C water rinses reduced considerably, both the COD and, especially, BOD(5) compared with the standard wash-off method, with no increase in COD/BOD(5) ratio. The three-bath wash-off method therefore offers potential savings in water usage, compared to the standard method and also eliminates the need for chemicals to be employed in wash-off. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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