Journal
DOKLADY EARTH SCIENCES
Volume 441, Issue 2, Pages 1611-1615Publisher
MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1134/S1028334X1112004X
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Funding
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research [10-04-01475, 11-05-00584-a]
- Russian Federation for Leading Scientific Schools [NSh-65493-2010.4]
- Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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The formation of manganese rocks and ores occurred during the whole geological history of the Earth. Five metallogenic epochs (Early to Middle Proterozoic, Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic) and 7 very important phases (Early, Middle, and Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Late Mesozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic) can be distinguished. The phases of manganese ore genesis at many stratigraphic levels are closely related to the global climatic and tectonic reconstructions (the breakup of the continent of Gondwana and periods of glaciations and aridization) and biotic events (mass extinction of organisms). Based on carbon isotopic composition in manganese carbonates, participation of oxidized organic carbon is established.
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