Journal
DIABETES
Volume 64, Issue 2, Pages 459-470Publisher
AMER DIABETES ASSOC
DOI: 10.2337/db14-0695
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Funding
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [24591317, 24390056]
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Smoking Research Foundation
- Research Foundation for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Japan Diabetes Foundation
- Foundation for Growth Science
- Tamura Science and Technology Foundation
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24390056, 24591317] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Circadian rhythm is crucial for preventing hepatic insulin resistance, although the mechanism remains uncovered. Here we report that the wake-active hypothalamic orexin system plays a key role in this regulation. Wildtype mice showed that a daily rhythm in blood glucose levels peaked at the awake period; however, the glucose rhythm disappeared in orexin knockout mice despite normal feeding rhythm. Central administration of orexin A during nighttime awake period acutely elevated blood glucose levels but subsequently lowered daytime glucose levels in normal and diabetic db/db mice. The glucose-elevating and -lowering effects of orexin A were suppressed by adrenergic antagonists and hepatic para-sympathectomy, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of hepatic gluconeogenic genes, including Pepck, were increased and decreased by orexin A at nanomolar and femtomolar doses, respectively. These results indicate that orexin can bidirectionally regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis via control of autonomic balance, leading to generation of the daily blood glucose oscillation. Furthermore, during aging, orexin deficiency enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver and caused impairment of hepatic insulin signaling and abnormal gluconeogenic activity in pyruvate tolerance test. Collectively, the daily glucose rhythm under control of orexin 459 appears to be important for maintaining ER homeostasis, thereby preventing insulin resistance in the liver.
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