Journal
DIABETES
Volume 62, Issue 7, Pages 2450-2459Publisher
AMER DIABETES ASSOC
DOI: 10.2337/db12-0777
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Funding
- Beta Cell Biology Consortium through National Institutes of Health [U-01 DK 089538]
- JDRF [1-2008-39, 34-2008-630]
- American Diabetes Association [7-12-BS-046]
- University of Pittsburgh Junior Faculty Award
- [R-01 DK55023]
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Expansion of pancreatic beta-cells is a key goal of diabetes research, yet induction of adult human beta-cell replication has proven frustratingly difficult. In part, this reflects a lack of understanding of cell cycle control in the human beta-cell. Here, we provide a comprehensive immunocytochemical atlas of G1/S control molecules in the human beta-cell. This atlas reveals that the majority of these molecules, previously known to be present in islets, are actually present in the beta-cell. More importantly, and in contrast to anticipated results, the human beta-cell G1/S atlas reveals that almost all of the critical G1/S cell cycle control molecules are located in the cytoplasm of the quiescent human beta-cell. Indeed, the only nuclear G1/S molecules are the cell cycle inhibitors, pRb, p57, and variably, p21: none of the cyclins or cdks necessary to drive human beta-cell proliferation are present in the nuclear compartment. This observation may provide an explanation for the refractoriness of human beta-cells to proliferation. Thus, in addition to known obstacles to human beta-cell proliferation, restriction of G1/S molecules to the cytoplasm of the human beta-cell represents an unanticipated obstacle to therapeutic human beta-cell expansion.
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